Assessment of Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Maize Cultivation

Background: Maize is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide, serving as a staple food and a major source of livestock feed. However, fertilizer mismanagement in maize cultivation often leads to low nutrient-use efficiency, higher production costs, and environmental degradation. Enhancing fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) is therefore critical for sustainable maize production and food security.

Objectives: This study aims to (i) assess the current status of fertilizer use efficiency in maize cultivation, (ii) identify key factors influencing nutrient uptake, and (iii) recommend improved nutrient management strategies for enhancing productivity and sustainability.

Methods: A field-based study was conducted in maize-growing regions using a stratified random sampling method covering 120 farmers. Primary data were collected through structured surveys and field observations, while secondary data were sourced from extension reports. Fertilizer use efficiency was estimated using partial factor productivity (PFP), agronomic efficiency (AE), and recovery efficiency (RE). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, with regression models applied to determine major drivers of efficiency.

Results: Findings revealed that the average PFP of nitrogen in maize was 48 kg grain per kg N applied, while AE stood at 12 kg grain per kg N. Farmers who adopted balanced fertilizer application (N:P:K in 2:1:1 ratio) achieved 15–20% higher yields compared to those relying primarily on nitrogen alone. Timely application and integrated use of organic manure further improved FUE by 10%.

Conclusion & Implication: The study concludes that balanced fertilization, precision application, and integration of organic inputs are essential for improving FUE in maize. Policy interventions promoting soil testing, farmer training, and site-specific nutrient management can significantly reduce fertilizer wastage while enhancing crop productivity and environmental sustainability.